1. Freedom of Association

The LRA protects the right of every employee and employer to join and participate in the activities of a trade union or employers’ organization. It prohibits discrimination against individuals for exercising these rights.

2. Collective Bargaining

A cornerstone of the Act is the promotion of collective bargaining. It establishes a legal framework that allows trade unions and employer organisations to negotiate terms and conditions of employment. Bargaining councils can be formed to facilitate this at the industry or sector level.

3. Dispute Resolution Mechanisms

To reduce the burden on traditional courts, the LRA created independent bodies to handle labour disputes:

• Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA): A free, accessible dispute resolution body that helps resolve labour disputes through conciliation, mediation, and arbitration.
• Labour Court and Labour Appeal Court: Specialized courts that handle more complex or escalated labour matters.

4. Unfair Dismissal and Unfair Labour Practices

The Act provides detailed procedures and protections concerning dismissal. Employees cannot be dismissed without a fair reason and a fair process. The LRA also addresses unfair labour practices such as demotion, denial of promotion, or victimization.

5. Strikes and Lockouts

The LRA acknowledges the right to strike as a fundamental labour right. However, it sets out procedures that must be followed for a strike to be protected under the law, such as prior conciliation attempts and proper notice. Similarly, employers may initiate lockouts under regulated conditions.